Lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, or redox-flow battery:
Lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, or redox-flow battery: A comprehensive comparison in renewable energy systems . Despite their relatively high costs, which range from 130 to 600 $/kWh , vanadium redox batteries (VRBs) have been widely deployed, with an increasing number of demonstration projects in the US, Japan, and China